The Baofeng UV-5R is a popular handheld two-way radio known for its affordability and versatility. Under optimal conditions, such as on flat, open ground with no obstructions, you can expect a range of up to 10 kilometers (6 miles). However, several factors can affect this range in real-world situations.

Firstly, terrain plays a significant role. On flat, open ground, the UV-5R can reach up to 10 kilometers. However, obstacles like hills, buildings, or dense vegetation can reduce the range significantly.

Secondly, the power output affects the range. The UV-5R typically operates at 4 to 5 watts on high power. In urban or obstructed environments, the range can decrease to just a few kilometers or less.

Additionally, the quality of the antenna matters. The stock antenna that comes with the UV-5R might limit the distance. Therefore, upgrading to a higher-gain antenna can improve the range.

Moreover, interference from other electronic devices or nearby radio signals can reduce the effective range. For example, power lines or other radio users can disrupt the signal.

Finally, the frequency band impacts the range. The UV-5R operates on both VHF and UHF bands. While UHF works better in urban environments with more obstacles, VHF performs better in open areas for longer distances.

Practical Range in Different Conditions:

• In open fields (with a clear line of sight), the UV-5R can reach up to 10 km or more with minimal interference and the right antenna.
• In urban areas, the range might be reduced to 1-3 km due to buildings and other obstacles.
• In mountainous or hilly terrain, the range may be limited if the signal path encounters obstacles.

In summary, while the UV-5R can technically reach 10 km in ideal conditions, you can realistically expect a range of 1-5 km in most environments, especially in urban or forested areas.